Nystagmus in Dogs: Understanding Rapid Eye Movements and Causes
Nystagmus in dogs describes when your dog’s eyes move rapidly and uncontrollably. While alarming for caregivers, understanding it is not normal and requires prompt attention is key.
Understand the common causes of nystagmus in dogs and explore treatment options.
What Is Nystagmus?
Nystagmus describes rapid, uncontrollable eye movements in dogs. The eyes might move up and down, in circles, or, most commonly, side-to-side. While not a disease, it signals an issue with the vestibular system, which affects balance.
The eye movements can range from slow to rapid and typically occur in both eyes. Eye shaking may intensify following sudden movements or position changes. Dogs with nystagmus may also exhibit a head tilt or turn alongside the visual disturbances.
Causes of Nystagmus in Dogs
Various factors may lead to issues with your dog’s vestibular system, manifesting as nystagmus.
Middle/inner ear infections
Head trauma
Hypothyroidism
Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
Neoplastic tumors
Inflammatory and viral infections such as canine distemper
Exposure to toxins
Stroke (loss of blood flow to part of the brain)
Depending on the underlying cause, additional symptoms may or may not accompany the nystagmus. Dogs with this condition might exhibit symptoms such as loss of balance, head tilt, vomiting, walking in circles, disorientation, standing with legs wide apart, or reduced activity.
How a Vet Diagnoses Nystagmus in Dogs
If your dog exhibits any of the previously mentioned symptoms, seek veterinary care immediately. The vet will conduct a comprehensive exam and may perform blood tests, urinalysis, take radiographs, or check blood pressure to identify any concurrent diseases. These diagnostic steps can help determine if the nystagmus is consistent with central (brain-related) or peripheral (inner ear or idiopathic) vestibular disease.
Since certain causes of nystagmus stem from the brain, a definitive diagnosis may require specialized imaging like an MRI or CAT scan. These tests are available in veterinary medicine, and evaluation by a veterinary neurologist may be advised for dogs with brain-related nystagmus.
How to Treat Nystagmus in Dogs
The most effective treatment for your dog’s nystagmus depends on its severity and underlying cause.
Uncomplicated cases managed at home often show improvement within the first 2-3 days with:
Nausea medications
Activity restrictions
Supported walks
Hospitalization with supportive care, including IV fluids and medications, may be necessary for more severely affected dogs until they can eat and walk unaided. Treatments might include medications for ear infections, hypothyroidism, or high blood pressure, but prompt veterinary attention is crucial, whatever the cause of your dog’s nystagmus.
